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The Russian Aerospace Defence Forces ( 〔 or VKO〔 (ВКО) was the branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for air and missile defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Formed on 1 December 2011, it replaced the Space Forces.〔 The VKO was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Col Gen Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012.〔〔 On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander.〔 Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English,〔 it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as "air and space" instead.〔〔 In August 2015, the Russian Aerospace Forces〔(Aerospace Forces )〕 was created, and includes both the Russian Air Force, and the Aerospace Defence Forces, with HQ in Moscow, on the recommendations of the Defense Ministry.〔http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150803/1160022393.html〕 Its full name in Russian is the ''Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily VS RF'' (Воздушно-космические силы BC РФ, Aerospace Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation). ==History== The Aerospace Defence Forces trace their heritage to the Space Operations Section, Strategic Operations Branch of the Supreme High Command Reserve Artillery, formed in 1955, and transformed into the Space Services Central Administration of the Strategic Missile Troops in 1964 (and later the Chief Space Operations Directoriate in 1972). In 1967 the Anti-Missile and Space Defence Forces were formed () under Artillery Lieutenant General Yu. Votintsev.〔 They were reorganised as the Ministry of Defence Space Service Units in 1982, and were expanded to include the Chief Space Operations Directorate in 1986. In 1991 the Soviet Union was broken up. The Russian Armed Forces were established on 7 May 1992, enabling the creation of Russian Space Forces later that year on 10 August. They were merged with the Strategic Missile Troops in 1996, but were reformed in 2001. In 2006 President Vladimir Putin agreed with the idea of a new "Air and Space Defence Concept" from 2016, but without the implication that it would be a separate service. In 2008 Aleksandr Zelin argued that the missile defence and space defence forces should be merged into the Air Force.〔 On 30 November 2010 President Dmitry Medvedev said that air and space defence services would be under a single strategic command and the General Staff and Ministry of Defence had decided it would be on the basis of the Space Forces. In April 2011 the then Space Forces commander Oleg Ostapenko said that concept for the future system had been approved. The service was created by the presidential decree “On changes to the composition of the Russian Armed Forces until January 1, 2016” which has not been published.〔 Thus, on December 1, 2011, the Space Forces became the Aerospace Defence Forces, fusing all space and some air defence components into one joint service. Starting August 1, 2015, the ADF now includes, by orders of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and upon the recommendation of the Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu: * the Russian Air Force (including the Air Defense Troops Command) * and the Air Defense units reporting to the Rocket Forces and Artillery Command, Russian Ground Forces 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian Aerospace Defence Forces」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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